Evaluation of Rearing Factors Affecting Clanis bilineata tsingtauica Mell Larvae Fed by Susceptible Soybean Variety NN89-29 in Spring and Autumn Sowing.

Clanis bilineata tsingtauica Mell is a nutritious edible insect. In the present study, soybean variety NN89-29 susceptible to leaf-feeding insects was used as the experiment material to evaluate the rearing factors affecting the production of C. bilineata tsingtauica in spring and autumn sowing. We artificially inoculated C. bilineata tsingtauica eggs to soybean plants, and the relevant indexes of larvae and soybean plants were recorded. The main results from spring sowing were as follows: (1) Larval number, single larval weight and plot-larval weight were all higher in the V6 stage (sixth trifoliolate) than those in the R3 stage (beginning pod) of inoculated eggs. (2) Larval number, single larval weight and plot-larval weight significantly decreased under higher planting density. Meanwhile, the soybean plant height and internode length increased, while the main stem node number of soybean decreased under higher planting density. (3) Single larval weight and plot-larval weight were not significantly affected by different numbers of eggs inoculated, but the larval number was significantly affected. Under autumn sowing conditions: (1) The larvae production and soybean plant growth were not significantly affected by covering the top of the net house with plastic film to isolate rainwater. (2) More eggs inoculated were associated with higher plot-larval weight. Conversely, fewer eggs inoculated resulted in a higher proportion of single larvae weight more than or equal to 6 g (≥6 g). Compared to spring sowing, the low biomass of autumn-sown soybean plants did not provide sufficient food for C. bilineata tsingtauica growth, and competition for food resulted in lower larval number, single larval weight and plot-larval weight.

Fungicide spray coverage and deposition in soybean asian rust management / Cobertura e depósito de calda fungicida no manejo da ferrugem asiática em soja

At maximum vegetative growth, sprays with fungicide to control Asian rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow and P. Sydow) should reach high canopy penetration and plant coverage. Therefore, the central objective of this study was to determine leaf area, spray deposition, and plant coverage by fungicides sprayed on soybeans as a function of sowing seasons and plant population densities with reduced doses of tebuconazole and azoxystrobin + cyproconazole. Field experiments were conducted in the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 crop years, using a medium-cycle soybean cultivar MG/BR­46 (Conquista) under a natural infestation of Asian soybean rust. Leaf area (LA) and leaf area index (LAI) were measured at three developmental stages (V8, R2, and R4). Spray deposition and coverage were evaluated during the first fungicide spraying. As results, LAI decreased as plant population decreased. Despite the lower LAIs, smaller plant populations had no effect on spray deposition and plant coverage. Both fungicides presented similar depositions on all thirds when plants had lower development.

Para o controle da ferrugem asiática (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow & P. Sydow), quando as plantas atingem o máximo de desenvolvimento vegetativo, as pulverizações com fungicidas necessitam de alta capacidade de penetração e cobertura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a área foliar, o depósito e a cobertura de calda fungicida em soja em função de épocas de semeadura, populações de plantas e doses reduzidas de fungicidas. Experimentos de campo foram conduzidos nos anos agrícolas 2009/2010 e de 2010/2011, com a cultivar de ciclo médio MG/BR-46 (Conquista), sob infestação natural da ferrugem asiática. Nos estádios V8, R2 e R4 de desenvolvimento da cultura foram determinados a área foliar e o índice de área foliar (IAF) das plantas. As avaliações de depósito e cobertura foram realizadas no momento da primeira pulverização com os tratamentos fungicidas. Com a redução da população de plantas houve redução no IAF. Os depósitos e coberturas da calda aplicada não apresentaram aumento com a redução da população de plantas, apesar dos menores IAF. Os tratamentos fungicidas com tebuconazol e com azoxystrobina + ciproconazol apresentaram deposições semelhantes em todos os terços das plantas quando as plantas apresentaram menor desenvolvimento.

Adaptability and stability of soybean cultivars in four sowing seasons / Adaptabilidade e estabilidade de cultivares de soja em quatro épocas de semeadura

In recent decades, the expansion of soybean production in Brazil has been observed. This advance was motivated by the search of environments with better cultivation conditions, as well as the development of genotypes with wide adaptation. The diversity of "environments" hinders the process of selection and recommendation of cultivars, since the productive potential of a cultivar is given as a function of the sum of the genotype effect, the environment and the interaction between the latter two (G x E). In the case of this G x E interaction, regional studies are necessary in order to detail the differential behavior of the cultivars. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the genotype interaction by environments, adaptability and phenotypic stability for grain yield, of fifteen soybean cultivars, in four sowing seasons, in order to identify cultivars that combine high productive potential, predictability of behavior and adaptation to the edaphoclimatic conditions of Uberlândia-MG. The trials were conducted at the Experimental Farm Capim Branco, in Uberlândia-MG. Fifteen soybean cultivars were evaluated in four sowing seasons (October 23, 2016, November 19, 2016, December 10, 2016 and January 14, 2017), in relation to grain yield. The experimental design was of randomized complete blocks, with three replications, in each season. Data were submitted to individual and joint analyzes. The G x E interaction was decomposed by the method proposed by Cruz andCastoldi (1991). The differential behavior of the genotypes was detailed by the adaptability and phenotypic stability by the methods of Eberhart and Russell (1966), Lin and Binns (1988) modified by Carneiro (1998), AMMI and Centroid. By the analysis of joint variance, it was observed the existence of the cultivar interaction by sowing times (C x E), for the grain yield trait, at the 5 % probability level by the F test. The C x E was predominantly complex in nature. The cultivar CD 2737 RR presented satisfactory results for the four sowing seasons in Uberlândia-MG, with high grain yield and predictability of behavior, by the evaluated methods. The cultivar NS 6909 IPRO was classified into favorable environments by the methods of Eberhart and Russell (1966) and Lin and Binns (1988) modified by Carneiro (1998). Considering Lin and Binns (1988) modified by Carneiro (1998) and Centroid the cultivar that is also classified for this cultivation condition is UFUS 8301. By AMMI, UFUS 7415, CD 2737 RR and UFUS Milionária are considered stable and adaptable

Nas últimas décadas, observou-se a expansão da produção agrícola de soja no Brasil. Esse avanço foi motivado pela busca de ambientes com melhores condições de cultivo, bem como o desenvolvimento de genótipos com ampla adaptação. A diversidade de "ambientes" dificulta o processo deseleção e recomendação de cultivares, pois o potencial produtivo de uma cultivar é dado em função da somatória do efeito genotípico, do ambiente e da interação entre ambos (G x A). Caso haja essa interação G x A, fazem-se necessários estudos regionalizados a fim de pormenorizar o comportamento diferencial das cultivares. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a interação genótipos por ambientes, adaptabilidade e estabilidade fenotípica para produtividade de grãos de 15 cultivares de soja, em quatro épocas de semeadura, de modo a identificar cultivares que aliam alto potencial produtivo, previsibilidade de comportamento e adaptação às condições edafoclimáticas de Uberlândia-MG. Os ensaios foram conduzidos na Fazenda Experimental Capim Branco, em Uberlândia-MG. Foram avaliadas 15 cultivares de soja, em quatro épocas de semeadura (23 de outubro de 2016, 19 de novembro de 2016, 10 de dezembro de 2016 e 14 de janeiro de 2017), quanto a produtividade de grãos. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos completos casualizados, com três repetições, em cada época. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos a análises individuais e conjunta. A interação G x A foi decomposta pelo método proposto por Cruz e Castoldi (1991). O comportamento diferencial dos genótipos foi pormenorizado pela adaptabilidade e estabilidade fenotípica dos métodos de Eberhart e Russell (1966), Lin e Binns (1988) modificado por Carneiro (1998), AMMI e Centróide. Por meio da análise de variância conjunta observou-se a existência da interação cultivares por épocas de semeadura (C x E), para o caráter produtividade de grãos, ao nível de 5 % de probabilidade pelo teste F. Quanto a natureza C x E foi predominante complexa. A cultivar CD 2737 RR apresentou resultados satisfatórios para as quatro épocas de semeadura em Uberlândia-MG, com alta produtividade de grãos e previsibilidade de comportamento, pelos métodos avaliados. A cultivar NS 6909 IPRO foi classificada para ambientes favoráveis, pelos métodos de Eberhart e Russell (1966) e Lin e Binns (1988), modificado por Carneiro (1998). Considerando Lin e Binns (1988), modificado por Carneiro (1998), e Centróide a cultivar que é classificada também para essa condição de cultivo é UFUS 8301. Pelo o AMMI, UFUS 7415, CD 2737 RR e UFUS Milionária são tidas como estáveis e de ampla adaptação.

Selection of soybean genotypes for to Cerrado/Pantanal ecotone via REML/BLUP / Seleção de genótipos de soja para o ecótono Cerrado/Pantanal via REML/BLUP

The objective of this work was to select soybean genotypes with high yield, adaptability and stability in different sowing seasons in the Cerrado-Pantanal ecotone region using the MHPRVG method (harmonic mean of the relative performance of genetic values). We evaluated 10 soybean genotypes at two sowing seasons in Aquidauana/MS in the agricultural year 2014/2015. At maturation, the following agronomic traits were evaluated: plant height (PH), first pod height (FPH), number of branches per plant (NB), number of pods per plant (NP), number of grains per pod (NGP), mass of hundred grains (MHG) and yield grain (YIE). Likelihood ratio test detected significant genotype x seasons interaction only for grain yield. The genotypes AS3730, 97R73 and SYN9070 showed high adaptability and can be growing in both sowing seasons in the Cerrado/Pantanal ecotone. The genotypes 97R21 and B4184 have high phenotypic stability and are indicated for growing in later sowing season.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi selecionar genótipos de soja com alta produtividade, adaptabilidade e estabilidade em diferentes épocas de semeadura na região do Ecótono Cerrado-Pantanal, empregando o método da média harmônica da performance relativa dos valores genéticos (MHPRVG). Foram avaliados 10 genótipos de soja em duas épocas de semeadura em Aquidauana/MS no ano agrícola 2014/2015. Foram avaliados os seguintes caracteres agronômicos na maturação: altura das plantas (AP), altura da inserção da primeira vagem (AIV), número de ramificações por planta (NR), número de vagens por planta (NV), número de grãos por vagem (NGV), massa de cem grãos (MCG) e produtividade de grãos (PROD). O teste de razão de verossimilhança detectou interação entre genótipos x anos significativa apenas para a produtividade de grãos. As cultivares AS3730 e SYN9070 apresentam alta adaptabilidade e podem ser cultivadas em ambas as épocas de semeadura na região do Ecótono Cerrado/Pantanal. As cultivares 97R21 e B4184 possuem alta estabilidade fenotípica e são indicados para cultivo em épocas de semeaduras mais tardias.

Modelos de ajuda à decisão para a definição da época de semeadura e do padrão tecnológico da cultura do trigo / Decision support models for the definition of the crop sowing period and the technological pattern of wheat cultivation

O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar a capacidade de modelos de ajuda à decisão baseados na programação matemática para subsidiar a escolha da época de semeadura e do padrão tecnológico (alto, médio e baixo rendimento) para a cultura do trigo em função das perdas que podem ser provocadas por geada, giberela, granizo e excesso de chuva na colheita. Os resultados econômicos da cultura foram definidos a partir dos dados de um grupo de 27 unidades de produção da região de Ijuí. Os níveis e as probabilidades das perdas foram estimados por meio de uma revisão da literatura especializada, tendo sido também levada em consideração a experiência dos agricultores e de técnicos da região. Foi concluído que o modelo de maximização da margem bruta sob a restrição de atingir certo resultado econômico a uma probabilidade pré-fixada foi o que proporcionou mais subsídios para a tomada de decisão.

The present work is aimed at analyzing the efficiency of decision support models which are based on mathematical programming to help with the choice of the adequate period for sowing, as well as, the technological pattern (high, medium and low yield) to the cultivation of wheat in relation to the losses which can be caused by frost, giberella, hail and excessive rain during the harvest season. The economical results were defined from data gathered in a group of 27 production units in Ijuí and surroundings. The levels and probabilities of the losses were estimated through review of specialized literature, also considering the experience of farmers and technicians of the region. It was suggested that the model which provided more support for the decision taking was the maximization model of gross margin restricted to reaching a determined economical result in a pre-established probability.

Research of Field Seedling Technique on Seed Germination and Growth of Desmodium styracifolium(Osb.) Merr / 广州中医药大学学报

Objective To observe the influence of sowing time and planting density on seed germination percentage and growth of Desmodium styracifolium(Osb.) Merr..Methods After quality inspection of the seed,the seeds planting test for Desmodium styracifolium(Osb.) Merr.was carried out from March to October,and the influences of sowing time and planting density on the seed germination percentage and growth were observed.Results On the planting base of Pingyuan county in Guangdong province,the seeds of Desmodium styracifolium(Osb.) Merr.planted from March to October had a high germination percentage and the seedling grew well.With the increase of planting density,the seed germination percentage decreased,but was up to 80% when the planting density was 0.5～1.0 g /m2.Conclusion The optimum planting time for Desmodium styracifolium(Osb.) Merr.is in autumn and the optimum planting density is 0.5～1.0 g /m2.